love you :)

for all of my friends in albalesthree...

Don't walk in front of me, I may not follow.
Don't walk behind me, I may not lead.
Just walk beside me and be my friend.

The rain may be falling hard outside,
But your smile makes it all alright.
I'm so glad that you're my friend.
I know our friendship will never end.

I shot an arrow into the air,
It fell to earth, I knew not where;
For so swiftly it flew, the sight
Could not follow it in its flight.

I breathed a song into the air,
It fell to earth, I knew not where;
For, who has sight so keen and strong
That it can follow the flight of song?

Long, long afterward, in an oak
I found the arrow, still unbroke;
And the song, from beginning to end,
I found again in the heart of a friend.

NO GADGET!!!!
hehehehehe :)
still construct my blog :)

i think.................................

Wisdom is the sharing of wise experiences and knowledge, but a lot of it is common sense. The difference is how we apply this common sense - we all have the ability to keep going even when we face challenges in our lives - basically it comes down to your attitude.

We can have a positive attitude towards life, or a negative attitude. We can focus on the good or we can focus on the bad. Keeping a positive mental attitude is one of the keys to success.
The choice is always up to you!

vocabs around the house

Build Up :
Attic =People store things in the attic.
Ballroom =A room in stately homes where rich people dance and concerts are held.
Box Room =A small room used for storage.
Cellar =Underneath the house.
Cloakroom =A small room where people put their coats.
Conservatory = A greenhouse attached to a house for the display of plants.
Dining Room =A room where people eat.
Drawing Room =A room in stately homes where rich people entertain.
Games Room = A room in large houses where games are played.
Hall = The entrance passage to a house.
Larder =A small room used for the storage of food.
Library =A room where books are kept.
Lounge =Another name for living room.
Music Room =A room where people play music.
Office =A room where people work.
Pantry =A small room used to store kitchen and dining items.
Parlour =Old fashioned word for living room.
Sitting Room =Another name for living room.
Spare Room/Guest Room =A room where guests sleep.
Toilet = A room where people go to the toilet (often known as WC)
Utility Room =A room where appliances such as washing machines are used.

finite verbs

Definition:
Finite verbs (sometimes called main verbs) are verb forms suitable for use in predicates in that they carry inflections or other formal characteristics limiting their number(singular / plural), person, and tense(past / present etc). Finite verbs can function on their own as the core of an independent sentence.

For example

• I walked, they walk, and she walks are finite verbs
  * (to) walk is an infinitive.
• I lived in indonesia.
  * "I" is the subject. "Lived" describes what the subject did. "Lived" is a finite verb.

Examples

• The truck demolished the office.
• The leaves were green and freshly.

asking information

There are a number of formulas used when asking for information in English. Here are some of the most common:

* Could you tell me...?

* Do you know...?

* Do you happen to know...?

* I'd like to know...

* Could you find out...?

* I'm interested in...

* I'm looking for..

These two forms are used for asking for information on the telephone:

* I'm calling to find out...

* I'm calling about...

Asking for Information

Information about company

What does your company do?

What is your specialty?

What do you specialize in?

What is your main line of business?

We produce marketing materials.

We specialize in art and design.

What are your major products?

What services do you provide?

We produce office machines.

We design software.

We provide technical support.

Information about products

Could you give me some (more) information on this?

What can you tell me about this (product)?

Tell me about this one/model.

This is one of our top brands.

It's our best selling refrigerator.

This one is the best in its class.

We're really pleased with its performance.

It's an excellent computer.

I highly recommend this one.

This model comes with several features.

This particular one has two components.

Information about Price What are you asking for this?

What does this sell for?

How much is it?

How much does it run?

This (one) sells for $5900.

This one goes for $2900.

This one is priced at $9695.

Construction

simple future tense

Simple Future tense is used to describing job or action that will to do (happened) at future.

Formation of sentences
1. Positive
( + ) S + shall/ will + V1
Ex :
- I shall clean my bedroom
- We will go to camping
Or
( + ) S + be + going to + V1
Ex :
- I am going to play badminton
- He is going to write a news

Notes : "shall" just can use for subject "I and we"

2. Negative
( - ) S + shall/ will + not+ V1
Ex :
- I shan't buy a shoes
- she won't clean the class
Or
( - ) S + be + not +going to + V1
Ex : she is not going to give a present

Notes : shall not = shan't, will not = won't

3. Interrogative
( ? ) Shall/ will + S + V ?
Ex : Will we playing badminton?
Or
( ? ) Be + S + going to + V ?
Ex : are we going to camping ?

narrative text part 2

Narrative text is a text which contains about story (fiction/non fiction/tales/folktales/ fables/myths/epic) and in its plot consists of climax of the story (complication) then followed by the resolution.

Generic Structures: Orientation - Complication - Evaluation (optional) - Resolution

Orientation: it is about WHO, WHEN, and WHERE the story happened.

Evaluation: is optional; it is usually used to make the story more interesting.

Complication: it is about the conflict or the big problem of the story. Complication is the part of the story in which there is a conflict among the characters of the story (it is possible to make more than one conflict in a complication), and it is the climax of the story (the big problem in the story). A story can have more than one complication.

Resolution: it is the solution of the problem. It can be a happy or sad ending. In Resolution, the solution or the way out of the conflict/ the big problem must be written.

Coda: it is the change of one of the character or two, or the meaning of the story that can be caught as a moral value of life.

modals in the past form

1. Could + Verb base

ô to offer suggestions or possibilities

Example:

manda : Oh, no! I left my book.

merri : Don’t worry, manda. You could borrow my book.

pepe : I’m having trouble with science.

nira : Why don’t you ask rera? Perhaps she could help you.

ô to indicate that the ability existed in the past but doesn’t exist now.

Example:

meta : Ras, can you climb the durian tree?

ruta : Well… I could climb durian tree when I was so young.

But I think I’m too heavy to climb it.

mimi : father, what could you do when you were younger?

father : When I was younger, I could swim across the big river

very well and faster.

ô to express polite requests

Example: Could I borrow your handphone (please)?

Could you lend me your shoes now?

Could you please close the window?

Could you pass the sugar?

2. Would + Verb base

ô for an action that was repeated regularly in the past

Example:

When I was a child, I would visit my grandparents every weekend.

On Sundays, when I was a child, we would all get up early and go fishing.

ô insert rather into the pattern and use this expression to express preferences

Example:

rendy : What would you rather do in the weekend, go to the party or stay home?

christian : I would rather go to the party than stay home.

samantha : Which country would you rather visit?

Mikha : I would rather visit Italia than Somalia.

ô to express polite requests

Example:

nola: Would you mind cycling with me, mei?

meimei : No, not at all. It would be nice.

stacy : Would you please pass the helmet, Bella?

Bella : No problem

3. Should + Verb base

ô to give definite advice (advisability)

Example:

bunda : shendy, you should study tonight.

You will have English test tomorrow, won’t you?

shendy : I will, Bunda.

audrey : You should paint your door, Ben. It looks terrible.

Benny : Yes, I know I should.

ô to express the subject’s obligation or duty

Example: You should practice for more than an hour. (to musical friend)

They shouldn’t allow parking here; the street is too narrow.

Application should be sent before November 13^th.

4. Might + Verb base

ô to tell possibilities

Example:

serra : Where is Deddy?

mitha : He might be in the studio with marsya.

ô To express polite requests

Example:

raisa : Might I borrow your book?

Raza : I’m afraid not. It has been brought by benikno for weeks and

I don’t know when he’ll return it.

news item

News item is factual text which informs the reader about events of the day which are considered newsworthy or important

Social function of news item is : to inform readers, listeners or viewers about events of the day which are considered newsworthy or important

- Generic Structure
* Newsworthy event (s) : recount the event in summary form
*Background Event (s) : elaborate what happened, to WHOM, in WHAT circumstances
* Sources : comment by participants in, withesses to and authorities to and authorities expert on the event

- Signification grammar features :
* Short, telegraphic information about story captured in headline
* Generally using simple past tense
* Use of material processes to retell the event
* Using action verbs , (,) : were, run, go, kill, etc
* Using saying verbs , (.) : say, tell
* Focus on circumstances
* Use of projecting verbal processes in sources stages

There are some rules that can help to make newspaper headlines more comprehensible
1. The passive voice is used with out the approprianto form of “be”
2. It is unusually to find complex forms, generally the simple present form is used
3. The present progressive tense is used, usually to describe something that is changing orde ueloping, but the auxiliary verb is usually left out
4. To refer to the future, headlines often use the infinitive
5. Headlines are not always complete sentences

preposition on, in, at

In many languages, there is only one preposition for the above situations. In English there are three. Just remember that in usually indicates the "largest" time or place, and at usually indicates the "smallest" time or place. Examples:

A: Where's your office? B: In Taipei, Taiwan. A: Really? What part of Taipei? B: It's on Chung Shan North Road. A: I know that area. Where exactly is it? B: It's at 105 Chung Shan North Road, next to the bookstore. C: When is the wedding? D: It's in June. C: What day? D: It's on Saturday, the 25th. C: What time? D: It starts at 6:00.

Prepositions with articles and locations

When talking about locations, use at to indicate the general vicinity or area, and in to
indicate inside the building, enclosed area, etc. For example:

at the swimming pool (on site)	in the swimming pool (in the pool itself i.e. in the water)
at the post office/bank (general)	in the post office/bank (inside the building)
at the zoo (visitors, general area)	in the zoo (animals in their cages)
at school	in the classroom

Sample sentences:

I met my wife at the theater. (while watching a movie) I spilled my drink in the theater (on the floor of the building) She works at the library on Wednesdays. She found a rare coin in the library (building). Dr. Jones works at the hospital every day. John was in the hospital for a week with a broken leg.

For school, prison, and church, the is used to indicate the building. No article indicates
the general situation. Note the following:

"practice"/situation	building
in school (studying, listening to teacher, etc.)	in the school (building)
in jail/prison (staying there as a criminal)	in the jail/prison (temporary)
in church (praying, listening to a sermon, etc.)	in the church (building)

Where's nina?

in temple (attending services)	in the temple (fixing the windows)
at temple	at the temple
in prison (she committed a crime.)	at the prison (visiting his friend)

offering

The expression of “ Would you like....”is normally used for offering something to someone.
sandy : Would you like a cup of tea, Mrs. Rani?
Mr. jono : Yes, please. Thank you. Hmmm...this tea tastes good....and smells fragrant too.......
sandy : Thank you. I’m glad you like it.

Ways to say it
* Would you like a cup of coffee, Mr. Green?
* Should I get you a bottle of water?
* Could I offer you a glass of milk, Mr. kiki?
* Would you care some salad?

Offering to friends:
* Want some?
* Have some?
* Chocolate?
* Grab some for yourself

Less formal expressions:
* Would you like to have a pancake?
* Why don't you have some lemonade?
* What can I get for you?
* What will you have?

Declining an offering
* No, thanks.
* No, really won't, thanks
* Not for me, thanks.

Accepting an offering:
* Thank you.
* Yes, please
* I'd like it very much
* That would be very nice

descriptive text part 2

Descriptive text is to describe a particular person, place, thing or event.
Sometimes in a spoken text, you may use fillers, such as, er, um,...etc

Stucture of the text:

1. Identification: identifies the phenomenon to be describe
2. Description: describes parts, qualities and the characteristics of the person, place, thing or event to be described.

noun phrases

1. Noun phrases is constraction function as subject and object .
2. Noun phrases is either a single noun or pronoun or any group of words
containing a noun or a pronoun that function together as a noun or
pronoun, as the subject or object of a verb.

- Kinds of noun phrases :
a. Noun + Noun, example : Office boy
b. Verb + Noun, example : Take a bath
c. Gerund + Noun, example : Throwing ball
d. Pronoun + Noun, example : My book
e. Adjective + Noun, example : Black board
f. Determiner + Noun, example : A pen

- The noun phrases in English composed petenhally of 3 parts, there are :
a. Head : The most usual kind of head of a noun phrases.
b. Pre Modification : Consists of a number of word classes in a specific order.
c. Post Modification : Must commonly used not by specific word classes or subclasses.

passive voice

A. Definition

A passive construction occurs when you make the object of an action into the subject of a sentence. That is, whoever or whatever is performing the action is not the grammatical subject of the sentence. Take a look at this passive rephrasing of a familiar joke

B. Example Passive Voice

Tense Active Passive
Simple Present We take a cake A cake is taken by us
Simple Past We took a cake A cake was taken by us
Simple Future We will take a cake A cake will be taken by us
Present Perfect We has taken a cake A cake has been taken by us
Past Perfect We had taken a cake A cake had been taken by us
Going to-future We are going to take a cake in the table A cake is going to taken by us in the table

When rewriting active sentences in passive voice, note the following:

- the object of the active sentence becomes the subject of the passive sentence

- the finite form of the verb is changed (to be + past participle)

- the subject of the active sentence becomes the object of the passive sentence (or is dropped)

C. Agent

In a passive clause, we usually use a phrase beginning with by if we want to mention the agent - the person or thing that does the action, or that causes what happens.ExaMples:

- My mother makes sandwich every morning.

Subject + verb1 + s/es + O + C (adv. of time)

- Sandwich is made by my mother every morning.

Subject + to be + V3 + Agent + C (adv. of time)

If you want to change an active sentence which has two objects into its passive forms, there are two ways:

1. Make its indirect object into the subject of the passive sentence.

2. Make its direct object into the subject of the passive sentence.

introductory "IT"

Expression surprise is expression which someone when get a surprise.
Surprise can have valence. It can be neutral expression, pleasant or accordingly some would not categories surprise in itself as an emotion or every human.
Expressing surprise
• Here are some other expressions to show surprise.
Telling surprising news
 Guess what!
 Surprise!
 I’ve got news, for you
 Do you know what?
 You won’t believe it!
Expressing surprise :
 Wow! What a surprise!
 That’s a surprise!
 That’s very surprising!
 Really?
 What?
 Are you serious? You must be joking!
 You’re kidding!
 Fancy that!
 I must say it surprises me.
 I find it hard to believe
Responding:
 Yeah!
 It is!
 Yup!
 Sure.
 It’s true.
 I’m serious.
 No, I’m not.
 It is.
 Does it?
 It is, isn’t it?
Expression disbelief is expression to not believe something or someone with reason or unreason.
Expressing disbelief
• Here are some sentences to express disbelief.
Asking if you believe it or not.
 Do you believe it?
 Wouldn’t you believe it?
 Can you imagine that?
 You don’t believe it, do you?
 Don’t you think it’s odd that….?

Expressing disbelief:
 I don’t believe it.
 It can’t be true.
 I can’t think of it.
 I don’t trust you.
Responding to believe or not.
 No, I don’t believe it.
 Are you serious?
 Are you joking?
 Are you kidding?
 You must be joking/kidding!
 Oh, no! that’s not true!
 You don’t say!
 Seeing is believing.
 Really? That sounds interesting.
 Really? It’s surprising that.
 Good heavens
 My goodness!
 This is really a surprise!

surprise and disbeliefs

Expression surprise is expression which someone when get a surprise.
Surprise can have valence. It can be neutral expression, pleasant or accordingly some would not categories surprise in itself as an emotion or every human.
Expressing surprise
• Here are some other expressions to show surprise.
Telling surprising news
 Guess what!
 Surprise!
 I’ve got news, for you
 Do you know what?
 You won’t believe it!
Expressing surprise :
 Wow! What a surprise!
 That’s a surprise!
 That’s very surprising!
 Really?
 What?
 Are you serious? You must be joking!
 You’re kidding!
 Fancy that!
 I must say it surprises me.
 I find it hard to believe
Responding:
 Yeah!
 It is!
 Yup!
 Sure.
 It’s true.
 I’m serious.
 No, I’m not.
 It is.
 Does it?
 It is, isn’t it?
Expression disbelief is expression to not believe something or someone with reason or unreason.
Expressing disbelief
• Here are some sentences to express disbelief.
Asking if you believe it or not.
 Do you believe it?
 Wouldn’t you believe it?
 Can you imagine that?
 You don’t believe it, do you?
 Don’t you think it’s odd that….?

Expressing disbelief:
 I don’t believe it.
 It can’t be true.
 I can’t think of it.
 I don’t trust you.
Responding to believe or not.
 No, I don’t believe it.
 Are you serious?
 Are you joking?
 Are you kidding?
 You must be joking/kidding!
 Oh, no! that’s not true!
 You don’t say!
 Seeing is believing.
 Really? That sounds interesting.
 Really? It’s surprising that.
 Good heavens
 My goodness!
 This is really a surprise!

direct and indirect

Direct Speech refers to reproducing another person’s exact words or saying exactly what someone has said (sometimes called quoted speech)

We use quotation marks (“__________”) and it should be world for word

For Example :
Nicky said, “it’s hot
Or
“it’s hot, “Nicky said”

Indirect speech refers to reproducing the idea of another person’s words that doesn’t use quotation marks to enclose what the person said and it doesn’t have to be word for word

Indirect Speech is sometimes called reported speech

The tense usually changes when reporting speech this is because we are usually talking about a time in the post and obviously the person who spoke or ginally spoke in the past.

The verbs there fore usually have to be in the fast too

- Note : the reporting verbs that are usually used to report imperative sent are : Tell, order, command, ask, warn, remind
- Don’t forget to mention the indirect object father warned me motto drive fast
- When we want to report what someone said, we do not usually repeat their exact words, we use words. We can use reporting verbs, such as tell, say, ask followed by that–clause?
Example : My mother said that she got up at 5 O’clock
- When reporting verbs is in the present, present perfect, or future, there is no change of tense in the words reported
Example :
- She will tell you
- She has just haid

In times expressions and pronouns
Direct Speech Indirect Speech
Now Then
Today/Tonight That day/ That night
Last week The previous week
Ago Before

Sometimes we need to report someone’s questions the reported question are introduced with the verb ask, inquire, wonder, want to know, etc.

gratitude, complement, and congratulation

Gratitude is also called thanking.
We say “thank you” when people give us something, help we do something, give a compliment, wish us something, etc.
Expressing gratitude:
 I should like to express my gratitude
 Thank you very much
 Thanks for your help
 How can I thank you?
 I’m very grateful to you
 I can’t thank you enough
 I’m very much obliged to you.
Responding:
 It was the least I could do
 You’re welcome
 No big deal
 Don’t mention it
 It’s a pleasure
 That’s all right
 Any time
Compliment is expression that use to give praising to other people.
Some people use compliment to butter up somebody or to flatter in order to increase good will.
Complimenting:
 Good grade!
 Nice work
 Excellent!
 Good job!
 You look great
 What a nice t-shirt
 I really must express my admiration for your dance
 You look very nice (beautiful/handsome)
Congratulation is expression that used to said congratulate to someone when get a success.
Congratulating:
 I must congratulate you
 Please accept my warmest congratulations
 I’d like to be first to congratulate you
 Congratulations on your success
 Congrats! Finally, your dream comes true!

speech (speaking)

The Function of Public Speaking:

1. To Convince

• I believe that...
• I think....
• I suppose....
• I guess...
• I assume....
• I doubt....
• I except...
• I know....
• I'm sure that.....
• It is a certain thing that......
• It appears to me that...
• There is no doubt that....
• We must consider the possibility that...
• The surest thing to consider seriously is that..

2. To Instruct

• I would advise you to....
• You should hae known...
• If...would....
• Why don't we ....?
• There is no other way but we have to.....
• Do help
• We are obliged to....
• All we have to do is that .....
• It's good idea to...
• It's best to...
• It's advisable that...

3. To Inform

• I would like to say...
• According to...
• In accordance with the...
• Reffering to the rule of the game...
• Further studiesshow us that...
• Our data confirm that....
• Generally speaking.....
• In the majority of cases...
• On the whole....
• It is wodely known that...

4. To Actuate/Stimulate

• I do hope that...
• Hopefully...
• There is reason to believe that...
• I am optimistic about...

5. To Entertain

analyze character

Analyze Character
We cold also analyze character by realizing the different traits the person as personality wise, like if the character is soft spoken wise, mean to certain people, prajudies, etc.

The Structure of Analyze Character:

1. Plot: story has a certain arrangement of event whichare taken to have relation to one other. This is arrangement of event to some end-for instance to create significane, raise the level of generality, extend or complicate the meaning.
   
2. Character: character in a work of story are generally designed to open up or explore certain aspects of human experience. Character often depict particular traits of human nature; they may represent only one or two traits. A greedy old man who has forgotten how to care about other, for instance, or they may represent very complex conflicts, values, and emotions.
3. Setting: stories requires a setting; this as in poetry may vary from concrete to the general. Often settingwill have particular culturally coded significance.
   
4. Theme: especial idea which is used base in writting down story mostly letter than implicit.
   
5. Point of View: interpreted as a position of author to events in story. There is point of view of first person singular and there is third person singular.
   
6. Language Style: way to typically in laying open feeling or mind through language in the form of oral or article.

writing biography

A biography is simply the story of a life. Biographies can be just a few sentences long, or they can fill an entire book—or two.

• Very short biographies tell the basic facts of someone's life and importance.
• Longer biographies include that basic information of course, with a lot more detail, but they also tell a good story.

Biographies analyze and interpret the events in a person's life. They try to find connections, explain the meaning of unexpected actions or mysteries, and make arguments about the significance of the person's accomplishments or life activities. Biographies are usually about famous, or infamous people, but a biography of an ordinary person can tell us a lot about a particular time and place. They are often about historical figures, but they can also be about people still living.

Many biographies are written in chronological order. Some group time periods around a major theme (such as "early adversity" or "ambition and achievement" ). Still others focus on specific topics or accomplishments.

Biographers use primary and secondary sources:

• Primary sources are things like letters, diaries, or newspaper accounts.
• Secondary sources include other biographies, reference books, or histories that provide information about the subject of the biography.

To write a biography you should:

1. Select a person you are interested in

2. Find out the basic facts of the person's life. Start with the encyclopedia and almanac.

· Think about what else you would like to know about the person, and what parts of the life you want to write most about. Some questions you might want to think about include:

· What makes this person special or interesting?

· What kind of effect did he or she have on the world? other people?

· What are the adjectives you would most use to describe the person?

· What examples from their life illustrate those qualities?

· What events shaped or changed this person's life?

· Did he or she overcome obstacles? Take risks? Get lucky?

· Would the world be better or worse if this person hadn't lived? How and why?

4. Do additional research at your library or on the Internet to find information that helps you answer these questions and tell an interesting story.

5. Write your biography. See the Tips on Writing Essays and

greeting

Formal Greetings

• Good Morning (until about lunch time, before 12 a.m)
• Good Afternoon (12-6 p.m)
• Good Evening (until about 9 p.m)
• Good Morning, Sir. Ma’am

Note: Do not use “Good day” excped in Australia

~ Informal Greetings

• Hi, Lizzy !
• Morning, Jim !
• Hello

~ Initial Greetings

• How are you ? I’m fine thank you
• How’s it doing?
• How are doing?
• How’s life?

* Responding to initial greeting :

- Very well, thank you and how are you?
- I’m good/okay/alright
- Oh, pretty good
- Not too bad, thank’s
- Fine, thank’s
- Excellent






* Pre clossing :

- Ok Then
- I’ve got to go now
- So, I’ll see you next week
- I think I’d be going now?
- I must be going home !

* Clossing / leave taking :

- Good bye (formal/informal)
- Bye-bye, bye; now. See you. Take care
- See you later … Fine
- See you soon … Ok
- See you tonight … All right

• Good night (after 8 p.m or retiring to bed)

Note: Do not use “Good evening” for leave taking use “Good night” Good bye John, and all the best (to someone who’s leaving for along time)

gaining attention

Gaining attention is a way or expression that is spoken so that other people will their attention to what we want to

The example expressions of gaining attention :

~ Attention, please
~ May I have your attention, please
~ Excuse me, look here !!!
~ Listening to me, please
~ Waiter ?
~ I’m Sorry, but …
~ Wow, really ?

simple present tense

subject + auxiliary verb + main verb
do base
There are three important exceptions:
1. For positive sentences, we do not normally use the auxiliary.
2. For the 3rd person singular (he, she, it), we add s to the main verb or es to the auxiliary.
3. For the verb to be, we do not use an auxiliary, even for questions and negatives.
Look at these examples with the main verb like:
subject auxiliary verb main verb
+ I, you, we, they like coffee.
He, she, it likes coffee.
- I, you, we, they do not like coffee.
He, she, it does not like coffee.
? Do I, you, we, they like coffee?
Does he, she, it like coffee?
Look at these examples with the main verb be. Notice that there is no auxiliary:

subject main verb
+ I am French.
You, we, they are French.
He, she, it is French.
- I am not old.
You, we, they are not old.
He, she, it is not old.
? Am I late?
Are you, we, they late?
Is he, she, it late?
How do we use the Simple Present Tense?
We use the simple present tense when:
• the action is general
• the action happens all the time, or habitually, in the past, present and future
• the action is not only happening now
• the statement is always true
John drives a taxi.
past present future
________________________________________
It is John's job to drive a taxi. He does it every day. Past, present and future.
Look at these examples:
• I live in New York.
• The Moon goes round the Earth.
• John drives a taxi.
• He does not drive a bus.
• We do not work at night.
• Do you play football?
Note that with the verb to be, we can also use the simple present tense for situations that are not general. We can use the simple present tense to talk about now. Look at these examples of the verb "to be" in the simple present tense - some of them are general, some of them are now:
Am I right?
Tara is not at home.
You are happy.
past present future
________________________________________
The situation is now.

I am not fat.
Why are you so beautiful?
Ram is tall.
past present future

simple past tense

1.Simple past is used for describing acts that have already been concluded and whose exact time of occurrence is known. Furthermore, simple past is used for retelling successive events. That is why it is commonly used in storytelling.

Simple past is formed for regular verbs by adding –ed to the root of a word. Example: He walked to the store. A negation is produced by adding did not and the verb in its infinitive form. Example: He did not walk to the store. Question sentences are started with did as in Did he walk to the store?

The pattern :
(+)Subject + verb II + complement
(-)Subject + did not + verb II + complement
(?)Did + subject + verb I

The examples :
(+)I went to tasikmalaya last week
(-)I don't go to tasikmalaya last week
(?)Did I go to tasikmalaya last week ?

Adverbs used : yesterday, last night, last week, two days ago, a few minutes ago, last weekend, last month, last year, in 1984, etc.

2.Past Continuous Tense is a kind of tense that is used to describe an event or an action which was happening in a certain time in the past.

The pattern :
(+)Subject + was/were +verb-ing+ complement
(-)Subject + was not/were not+verb-ing+ complement
(?)was/were+ subject + verb-ing+complement

The examples :
(+)She was writing a blog at seven o’clock last night
(-)She wasn't writing a blog at seven o’clock last night
(?)Was she writing a blog at seven o'clock last night?

Adverbs used : at the time like this yesterday, at seven o’clock last night, etc.

3.Past Perfect Tense is a kind of tense that is used to describe an action or an event that started in a certain time in the past and completed or finished till certain time in the past too; or past perfect tense is used to express an action or an event that had happened before the other event or action happened.

The pattern :
(+)Subject + had+verb III+complement
(-)Subject + had not+ver III+complement
(?)Had + subject +verb III+complement

The examples :
(+)We had eaten an ice cream before mother came
(-)We had not eaten an ice cream before mother came
(?)Had we eaten an ice cream before mother came?

procedure text

Procedure Text is a text that is designed to describe how something is achieved through a sequence of actions or step. It explains how people perform different process in a sequence of steps. This text uses simple present tenses, often imperative sentences. It also uses the temporal conjuction such as first, second, then, next finally, etc...

Generic Structure of procedure text
1.Goal/aim (or title)
2.Material (not required for all procedural texts)
3.Steps (the actions that must be taken)

advertisement

Advertisement
a. The definition of advertisement.
Advertisement is an information for persuading and motivating people so that they will attract to the service and the things that are offered or informed.
b. Function of advertisement:
- Promotion
- Communication
- Information
c. In making advertisement, keep the following points :
1. Language of advertisement :
- Using the correct or suitable words
- Using the interesting and suggestive expressions
- Text of advertisement should be directed to the goals
2. Content of advertisement :
- Objective and honest
- Brief and clear
- Not allude group or other producer

d. Kinds of advertisement :
- Family advertisement
- Invitation advertisement
- Sponsored advertisement
- Requested advertisement
- News advertisement
- Announcement advertisement
- Goods advertisement
- Merit advertisement
e. Media of advertisement
- By television
- By radio
- Billboard
- Leaflet
- Pamflet etc.

Advertisement is an information for persuading and motivating people so that they will attract to the service and the thing that are offered or informed.

Function of advertisement :

• Promotion
• Communication
• Information


In making advertisement keep the following points :

A. Language of advertisement :

1. Using the correct or suitable words.
2. Using the interesting and suggestive expression.
3. Text of advertisement should be directed to the goals


B. Content of advertisement :

1. Objective
2. Brief and clear
3. Not allude group or other producer

Descriptive text:

The aim of descriptive text : to describe the characteristics of particular person, thing, or place.

Text Structure
- Identification : Identifies thing, person, place, phenomenon to be described
- Description : Gives the information of particular thing, person, or place being discussed or describes parts, qualities, or characteristics.

Grammatical Features :
- Who? What?
- Using lingking verb and simple present tense
- Epithet : adjective or adjective phrase
- Attributive (the)
- Use of attributive and identifying process

PAST TENSE

• The definition of simple past tense:

The simple past tense is used to talk about activities or situations

that began and ended in the past.

• Frequency adverbs:

» Last year

» yesterday

» a moment ago

» some minutes ago

» two day

» last month

» last week

» last day

» some hour ago, etc.

• Form of simple past tense:

Statement	Question
S + V2 + …. S + tobe (was/were) + …..	Did + S +V1
Negative	Short answer
S + didn’t + V1 + ….. S + wasn’t/weren’t	Yes, I did No, I didn’t

NARRATIVE TEXT

• the definition of narrative text:

A text which contains about story (fiction/non fiction/tales/folktales/

fables/myths/epic) and its plot consists of climax of the story (complication) then

followed by the resolution.

A narrative text is a text amuse, entertain and deal with actual or vicarious

experience in different ways. Narrative deal with problematic events which lead

to a crisis or turning point of some kind, which in turn finds a resolution.

• The generic sctucture of a narrative text:

♦ Orientation

Sets the scene and introduces the participants.

♦ Complication

A crisis arises

♦ Resolution

The crisis is resolved, for the better or for worse.

♦ Re-orientation

Optinal

♦ Evaluation

A stepping back to evaluate the plight.

RECOUNT TEXT

Recount text is a text is used to retell events for the purpose of informing

or entertaining.

The text is biographical recount text, the focus is on a sequence of event all

Of which related to a particular person.

• When writing recounts, we should:

1. Focus on individual people
2. Use words which indicate when
3. Where to events took place
4. Write in the past tense
5. Use action words

Purpose (s) of the recount text are:

» to retell what happened

» to tell a series of events

» to entertain or to amuse the readers

Scructure of recount text:

♦ Orientation

The recount generally begins on orientation it gives the readers the background information needed to understand the text.

And orientation telling the readers about:

1. Who has involved
2. When it happened
3. Where it happened

♦ Events

Then the recount unfolds with a series of events (ordered in a chronological sequence).

♦ Re-orientation

At various stages there many be same personal comment on the incident. We call it re-orientation.

Language features:

» Use of simple past tense

» Use of personal pronoun (I, we)

» Use of temporal conjuctions (when , after, before, next, later, then)

GIVING INSTRUCTION

• The definition of giving instruction:

Giving instruction is competence for to do command or request from

one people to other people or an expression that is used in order that

order person does what we instruct or request.

• Giving instruction divisible consist instruct that is:

♣ Request (order)

♣ Instruction / Prohibition

The difference between request and instructions:

→ Request

Request are often question, though indirect request may not be.

Sometimes an instruction is changed into a request by the addition

of “please” or a question tag. To make a request more polite we might

use the subjunctive form of the verb. Very often English request are

indirect. Instead of asking someone to do something, the speaker ask

if the person is able to do it. Therefore modals of ability (“can”,

“may”, etc) are very often used.

→ Request/ Order (Verb 1 + Object):

¤ Silent, please ~ (be)

¤ Read this book 1. Be quiet

¤ Speak loudly, please 2. Be careful

¤ Close the door, please 3. Be on time

→ Instructions ( also called imperatives)

Instructions require the person receiving them to do something,

or to stop doing it.

Instructions are directly addressed to the person who has to do them.

Therefore, instructions are one of the few types of English sentences

that do not need a subject.

The subject is usually “you” (understood).

If there is any doubt who should do the instruction, the “naming” form

-the vocative is used.

→ Prohibition ( Don’t + V1 + Object ):

¤ Don’t go

¤ Don’t cry

¤ Don’t noisy

¤ Don’t be lazy

¤ Don’t come here

¤ Don’t cut this paper

¤ Don’t open the door

Let's make me a copy please?

Apaan yah artinya? Kata pak Erwan artinya mendikte... Wah aku kan yang dapet Presentasi ttg materi ini sama Fredy, yuk kita lihat gimana sih???

A. Description:

Often times students are not able to communicate clearly what they would like to say. It is the purpose of this lesson to help student understand the need to be articulate and precise when explain steps to another student. In addition the student listening will learn to be a more effective listener.

B. Goal:

Student will understand the need to be articulate when communicating.

C. Background Information:

This activity will teach students to explain what they see and guide another students in reproducing the drawing by what they are told.

appointment

Appointment, in government refers to the assignment of a person by an official to perform a duty, such as a presidential appointment of a judge to a court. This may also happen for an office which is normally elected, but has an unexpected vacancy. A person appointed but not yet in office is a design.

Making an Appointment
1.I’d like to make an appointment with Kristian
2.I want to make an appointment to see ....
3.I’d like you to come and see
4.Can I come and see you?
-I’ll be there
-What about ....(thank you)

Accepting an Appointment
1.All right, see you there
2.No problem, I’m free on ....(Thursday)
3.Be there on time
4.I’ll wait for you
5.It’s a deal

Canceling an Appointment
1.I’m terrible sorry I have to put off my appointment
2.I’m sorry, I’m very busy
3.I’m afraid I have to postpone my appointment with ....(Mr. Erwanto) tomorrow morning

Changing an Appointment
1.What about ....(Thursday at 04.00 p.m.)
2.Is that ok, if we meet at ....
3.Well, I must be off now. I’ll talk to you later!
4.Could we change the schedule of the meeting?
5.Do you have another time this afternoon